What is a Part of Speech?

A part of speech is a group of words that are used in a certain way. For example, "run," "jump," and "be" are all used to describe actions/states. Therefore they belong to the VERBS group.

In other words, all words in the English language are divided into eight different categories. Each category has a different role/function in the sentence.

The English parts of speech are:

Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions,conjunctions and interjections

Nouns

A noun is a word that names a person, a place or a thing.

Examples:

Sarah, lady, cat, New York, Canada, room, school, football, reading.

Example sentences:

People like to go to the beach.

Emma passed the test.

My parents are traveling to Japan next month.

The word "noun" comes from the Latin word nomen, which means "name," and nouns are indeed how we name people, places and things.

Abstract Nouns

An abstract noun is a noun that names an idea, not a physical thing.

Examples:

Hope, interest, love, peace, ability, success, knowledge, trouble.

Concrete Nouns

A concrete noun is a noun that names a physical thing.

Examples:

Boy, table, floor, coffee, beach, king, rain, children, professor.

Common Nouns

A common noun is a noun that names a general thing, not a specific thing.

Examples:

Boy, girl, city, country, company, planet, location, war.

Proper Nouns

A proper noun is a noun that indicates the specific name of a thing. It begins with a capital letter.

Examples:

Robin, Alice, London, Sweden, Google, Earth, Eiffel Tower, Civil War.

(Compare these examples to ones in the "Common nouns" section to see the difference.)

Countable Nouns

A countable noun is a noun that indicates something you could actually count.

For example, you could count pigs: one pig, two pigs, three pigs...

However, you couldn't count water: one water, two water – no, it doesn't work...

A countable noun has both a singular and a plural form, and it can be used with the indefinite articles (a/an).

Examples:

Window, teacher, tree, lion, eye, cloud, pencil, heart, movie.

Uncountable Nouns

An uncountable noun is a noun that indicates something you cannot count.

For example, you could count pigs: one pig, two pigs, three pigs...

However, you couldn't count water: one water, two water – no, it doesn't work...

An uncountable noun has only one form (no plural), and it cannot be used with the indefinite articles (a/an).

Examples:

Furniture, advice, mail, news, equipment, luggage, work, coffee, information.

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun. For example, you could say, "Lisa is a nice girl."

Then you could replace the noun "Lisa" with the word "She" and get the following sentence: "She is a nice girl."

"She" is a pronoun.

Examples:

I, he, it, we, them, us, mine, itself.

Example sentences:

He doesn't want go with them.

Would they help us?

His house is bigger than ours.

Who is she?

The word "pronoun" comes from "pro" (in the meaning of "substitute") + "noun."

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns represent people or things. The personal pronouns are: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them.

Demonstrative Pronouns

"Demonstrative" means "showing, making something clear."

Demonstrative pronouns point to things. The demonstrative pronouns are: this, that, these, those.

Use "this" and "these" to talk about things that are near in space or in time.

Use "that" and "those" to talk about things that are farther away in space or time.

Example sentences:

This cannot go on.

That was beautiful!

He wanted those, but decided to compromise on these.

Interrogative Pronouns

"Interrogative" means "used in questions."

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are: who, whom, which, what, whoever, whatever, etc.

Use "who" and "whom" to talk about people.

Use "which" and "what" to talk about animals and things.

Example sentences:

Who is your father?

Whom did you speak to?

Which bag did you buy?

What are my choices?

Possessive Pronouns

"Possessive" means "showing ownership."

Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to somebody/something. The possessive pronouns are: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.

Example sentences:

I've lost my wallet.

He married his girlfriend.

This place is theirs.

Is that cat yours?

My car is slow. Hers is much faster.

Relative Pronouns

"Relative" means "connected with something."

Relative pronouns are pronouns that link different parts of a sentence.

The relative pronouns are: who, whom, which, that, whoever, etc.

Examples sentences:

The girl who called yesterday came to see you.

The teacher whom you wrote has answered your questions.

She lives in Kiev, which is the capital city of Ukraine.

I really liked the book that you gave me.

Reflexive Pronouns

"Reflexive" means "going back to itself."

Reflexive pronouns show that the action affects the person who performs the action. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.

  

Example sentences:

He cut himself while shaving.

I sent myself to bed.

He could hurt himself!

We must help ourselves.

She trusts herself.

Intensive Pronouns

"Intensive" means "giving force or emphasis."

An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used for emphasis. In other words, intensive pronouns emphasize the subject of the sentence. They are written exactly the same way as the reflexive pronouns, but their function is different.

I myself baked the cake.

The queen herself recommended this restaurant.

Have you yourself been there?

The project itself wasn't difficult.

We will do it ourselves.

Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal means that two people or groups do the same thing to each other. They treat each other in the same way.

For example, Joe loves Kate, and Kate loves Joe. So we can say, "Kate and Joe love each other."

Another example: Mike helps Lucy, and Lucy helps Mike. So we can say, "Mike and Lucy help each other."

There are two reciprocal pronouns in English:

Each other and one another.

The cat and the dog like each other.

The two politicians hate each other.

We must stop fighting one another.

They gave each other Christmas presents.

They can't hear one another.

Indefinite Pronouns 

"Indefinite" means "not exact, not limited."

Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not refer to any specific person or thing.

Examples:

Anything, everybody, another, each, few, many, none, some.

Example sentences:

Many have died during the war.

Can anyone call her?

Everybody wants to see you.

Something can be done to help.

Adjectives

An adjective is a word that describes a person or thing.

Examples:

Big, pretty, expensive, green, round, French, loud, quick, fat.

Example sentences:

He has big blue eyes.

The new car broke down.

The old lady was talking in a quiet voice.

The word "adjective" comes from the Latin word jacere, which means "to throw."

Different Types of adjectives

Adjectives can be divided into several types:

Opinion

Nice, pretty, stupid, original, expensive, etc.

Size

Big, small, large, tiny, enormous, little, etc.

Age

Young, old, new, ancient, antique, etc.

Shape

Round, square, flat, straight, etc.

Color

Blue, red, white, black, dark, bright, yellowish, etc.

Origin

Italian, British, Mexican, western, southern, etc.

Material

Metal, wooden, plastic, golden, etc.

Determiners

A determiner is a word that comes before a noun to show which person or thing you are talking about.

Examples:

A, an, the, my, your, some, any, several, enough, any.

Example sentences:

I have a red hat.

Please give me my bag.

Some people decided to leave.

She doesn't want any money.

They watched several movies.

Some people consider determiners to be a type of adjective. What's special about determiners is that you usually can use only one determiner at a time.

Incorrect: He has the my ticket.

Correct: He has my ticket / He has the ticket.

Nouns that act like adjectives

Sometimes nouns function as adjectives. In other words, they come before another noun and describe it.

Examples:

Sports car

Orange juice

Television station

Coffee shop

Book cover

The order of adjectives

A noun can have several adjectives describing it.

Examples:

"She bought a new red Italian table."

"He is a great, successful father."

There are certain rules on the correct order of those adjectives.

This is the order you should generally follow:

Determiner -> opinion -> size -> age -> shape -> color

-> origin -> material -> a word describing purpose/function

Examples:

A nice little coffee shop

(Determiner -> opinion -> size -> purpose/function word)

My huge new swimming pool

(Determiner -> size -> age -> purpose/function word)

Several Chinese plastic cups

(Determiner -> origin -> material)

The round yellow ball

(Determiner -> shape -> color)

Adjectives of the same type:

When you have several adjectives of the same type, you should separate them with commas or a conjunction (and, but).

Examples:

A cheap, good meal

A happy, smart man

The beautiful, original painting

My nice and sweet cat

An expensive but important trip

Comparative adjectives

"Comparative" means "comparing something to something else."

Comparative adjective show us which thing is better, worse, stronger, weaker, and so forth.

Examples:

Better, worse, bigger, smaller, nicer, fatter, thinner, more dangerous.

Example sentences:

She is a better student than her brothers.

The test was worse than I'd expected.

You are stronger than me.

He seems healthier.

You are more beautiful than her.

Superlative adjectives

"Superlative" means "of the highest degree."

Superlative adjectives show us which thing is the best, the strongest, and so forth.

Examples:

Best, worst, strongest, smallest, cheapest, most expensive.

Example sentences:

You are my best friend.

This is the worst day of my life.

Even the smallest donation helps.

This is the most expensive restaurant I've ever heard of.

Verbs

A verb is a word or group of words that express an action or a state.

Examples:

Go, jump, sleep, eat, think, be, change, become, drive, complete.

Example sentences:

We had a nice lunch.

I think that he is right.

He drove for hours.

The word "verb" comes for the Latin word verbum, which means "word."

Auxiliary Verbs (also called "helping verbs")

Click here for the complete illustrated page on main verbs, auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) and compound verbs.

Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used together with the main verb of the sentence to express the action or state.

Main verb + auxiliary verb = complete idea

The main auxiliary verbs are:

be, am, is, are, was, were, do, did, have, has, had.

Example sentences (the auxiliary verb is in bold, and the main verb is underlined):

They are jogging.

She was sitting.

We were waiting for hours.

Is she sleeping?

He didn't know the answer.

We have gone a long way.

Has she received any of my letters?

Do you smoke?

Will she help?

Compound Verbs

A compound verb = auxiliary verb + main verb.

Examples:

was playing, has eaten, doesn't want.

They were discussing their future.

He didn't tell us the truth.

I have finished my homework.

She will meet us there.

Stative Verbs

Click here for the complete illustrated page on stative verbs and dynamic verbs.

Stative verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an action.

Examples:

be, seem, love, own, want, sound, have, know, understand.

Examples sentences:

She is a great wife.

He seems rather strange.

He wanted to see you.

That sounds awesome!

We have enough things to do.

Stative verbs are usually not used in the progressive tenses.

Examples:

Incorrect: He is wanting to see you.

Correct: He wants to see you.

Incorrect: I am knowing what to do.

Correct: I know what to do.

Incorrect: They are seeming nice.

Correct: They seem nice.

However, if the same verb is used to describe an actual action (not a state), then it can be used in the progressive tenses.

Example:

When the verb "have" means "own" – it is a state. So we do not use it in the progressive tenses.

Incorrect: I am having a laptop.

Correct: I have a laptop.

When the verb "have" means "eat" – it is an actual action. So we can use it in the progressive tenses.

Correct: I am having lunch with Kate.

Correct: I have lunch with Kate.

Dynamic Verbs

Dynamic verbs are the opposite of stative verbs. They express a real action.

Examples:

Jump, swim, catch, write, call, sleep, hit, open, speak.

Example sentences:

They swam to the other side.

She hit me on the head!

Open the window, please.

The dynamic verbs can be used in the progressive tenses.

Correct: He is drinking water.

Correct: He drinks water.

Regular Verbs

Regular verbs are verbs that follow this rule:

Past form of the verb = present form of the verb + ed / d.

Examples:

Past form of "check" = check + ed = checked.

Past form of "open" = open + ed = opened.

Past form of "bake" = bake + d = baked.

There are certain rules to adding "d" or "ed" to a verb. Read about them in the Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs section.

Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow the above rule, and there are quite a lot of them!

Examples:

Past form of "drink" = drank.

Past form of "sleep" = slept.

Past form of "bring" = brought.

Phrasal Verbs

Click here for the complete illustrated page on English phrasal verbs.

A phrasal verb is a verb that is combined with an adverb or a preposition. The combination creates a new meaning.

Examples:

Run = to move very quickly with your legs. ("She can run fast!")

Into = in the direction of something. ("He looked into my eyes.")

Run into = to meet someone by accident. ("I ran into Joe yesterday.")

Make = to create or do something. ("He made a lot of noise.")

Up = to a higher point. ("Look up!")

Make up = invent (a story, an excuse). ("It never happened. He made the whole thing up!")

Put = to place something somewhere. ("Could you put this upstairs?")

Up = to a higher point. ("Look up!")

With = concerning ("She is happy with her workplace.")

Put up with = to tolerate. ("I cannot put up with his behavior any more!")

Adverbs

An adverb is a word that describes or gives more information about a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even the entire sentence.

Adverbs usually answer the following questions:

Where? Home. ("I went home.")

When? Yesterday. ("We met yesterday.")

How? Slowly. ("The turtle moves slowly.")

How often? Sometimes. ("Sometimes it stops responding.")

How long? Temporarily. ("She is staying with us temporarily.")

How likely? Surely. ("Our team will surely win!")

To what degree? Very. ("She was very pleased.")

An adverb can describe a verb:

She runs quickly.

An adverb can describe an adjective:

She is so beautiful.

An adverb can describe another adverb:

She smokes very rarely.

An adverb can describe an entire sentence:

Naturally, you don't have to come.

The word "adverb" comes for the Latin ad- (in addition) and verbum (word).

In many cases (but not always!) adverbs have the following form:

Adjective + "-ly"

Examples:

Quick + ly = quickly

Strange + ly = strangely

Dead + ly = deadly

Sudden + ly = suddenly

Clever + ly = cleverly

Brave + ly = bravely

Real + ly = really

When an adjective ends with "y" replace the "y" with an "i":

Heavy + ly = heavi + ly = heavily

Happy + ly = happi + ly = happily

When the adjective ends with an "e" drop the "e":

True + ly = tru + ly = truly

However, there are many adverbs that do not end in "-ly":

Fast, very, hard, home, just, too, well, never, sometimes, and so forth.

We can divide English adverbs into several categories:

Adverbs of degree, adverbs of manner, adverbs of place,

adverbs of time, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of duration,

adverbs of probability, comparative adverbs and superlative adverbs.

Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree show us the strength or degree of the action or state. They answer the following questions:

How much? To what degree?

Examples:

Very, highly, totally, perfectly, partially, almost.

Example sentences:

He is very concerned with you.

You are totally right.

We almost made it to the train.

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner show us the way the action is done. They answer the following question:

How?

Examples:

Well, badly, nicely, slowly, loudly, quietly, happily, sadly, secretly, weakly.

Example sentences:

He handled the situation well.

She listened secretly to their conversation.

The children ran happily to their father.

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of place show us the location of the action or state. They answer the following question:

Where?

Examples:

Home, here, there, outside, inside, away, around, anywhere, abroad, up, down, out.

Example sentences:

We are here.

He went home.

We found him outside.

She looked up.

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of time show us the time of the action or state. They answer the following question:

When?

Examples:

Now, soon, later, yesterday, tomorrow, early, before, lately, recently.

Example sentences:

Let's talk now.

I will do it later.

He promised to write back soon.

What are you doing tomorrow?

We haven't met before.

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency show us the frequency of the action or state. They answer the following question:

How often?

Examples:

Always, never, sometimes, often, rarely, usually, occasionally.

Example sentences:

I always brush my teeth after a meal.

We often meet and chat.

He is usually here on time.

Adverbs of duration

Adverbs of duration show us the length of the action or state.

They answer the following question:

For how long?

Examples:

Forever, constantly, temporarily, briefly.

Example sentences:

He is working there temporarily.

We spoke briefly.

I will be forever grateful.

Adverbs of probability

Adverbs of probability show us the chances for the action or state to happen. They answer the following question:

How likely?

Examples:

Certainly, maybe, probably, possibly, surely.

Example sentences:

She will certainly forget about it.

Maybe we'll come after all.

It will probably not work.

Surely you are not serious!

Comparative adverbs

"Comparative" means "comparing something to something else."

Comparative adverbs show us which action or state is better, worse, stronger, weaker, and so forth.

Examples:

more, less, better, worse, faster, slower, farther, closer.

Example sentences:

Maggie works out more seriously than Donna.

She eats less than her friends.

You are better than this.

We couldn't go slower even if we wanted to.

Let's get closer.

Superlative adverbs

"Superlative" means "of the highest degree."

Superlative adverbs show us which action or state is the best, the strongest, and so forth.

Examples:

Best, most, least, worst, strongest, fastest, slowest.

Example sentences:

He knows best.

It was the most boring experience.

He shouted the loudest so he won.

He ran the slowest so he lost.

Prepositions

A preposition is a word that is used before a noun or a pronoun to connect it to another word in the sentence. It is usually used to show location, direction, time, and so forth.

Examples:

On, in, at, by, under, above, beside, to, out, from, for.

Example sentences:

I sat on the floor.

Let's go into the house.

We will meet at four o'clock.

Have a look under the couch.

He went to school.

This letter is for you.

The word "preposition" comes from the Latin word praeponere (put before). So prepositions usually come before the noun/pronoun.

Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that joins parts of a sentence together.

Examples:

And, but, or, because, so.

Example sentences:

I want to come, but I can't.

She is smart and beautiful.

Would you like a cat or a dog?

He didn't pass the test because he didn't understand the subject.

We were hungry, so we ordered pizza.

The word "conjunction" comes from the Latin word conjungere (join together).

Interjections

An interjection is a short sound, word or phrase used to express the speaker's emotion.

Examples:

Oh! Look out! Ow! Hey! Wow! Ah! Um...

Example sentences:

Wow, that's amazing!

Ah, that was a good meal.

Um... I'm not sure what to say.

Oh dear! What happened?

Hello! How are you doing?

Well, that's an option too.

The word "interjection" comes from the Latin word interjice