Exploring Prepositions
About[preposition]
1 on the subject of sb/sth; in connection with sb/sth
a book about flowers
Tell me all about it.
What's she so angry about?
There's something strange about him.
I don't know what you're on about (= talking about) .
There's nothing you can do about it now.
2 used to describe the purpose or an aspect of sth
Movies are all about making money these days.
What was all that about? (= what was the reason for what has just happened?)
3 busy with sth; doing sth
Everywhere people were going about their daily business.
And while you're about it … (= while you're doing that)
4 ( especially BrE ) in many directions in a place; here and there
We wandered about the town for an hour or so.
He looked about the room.
5 ( especially BrE ) in various parts of a place; here and there
The papers were strewn about the room.
6 ( especially BrE ) next to a place or person; in the area mentioned
She's somewhere about the office.
7 ( literary ) surrounding sb/sth
She wore a shawl about her shoulders.
how/what about…?
1 used when asking for information about sb/sth
How about Ruth? Have you heard from her?
I'm having fish. What about you?
2 used to make a suggestion
How about going for a walk?
( especially NAmE ) How about we go for a walk?
What about a break?
Above [preposition]
1 at or to a higher place or position than sth/sb
The water came above our knees.
We were flying above the clouds.
the people in the apartment above mine
A captain in the navy ranks above a captain in the army.
They finished the year six places above their local rivals.
2 more than sth; greater in number, level or age than sb/sth
Inflation is above 6%.
Temperatures have been above average.
We cannot accept children above the age of 10.
3 of greater importance or of higher quality than sb/sth
I rate her above most other players of her age.
4 too good or too honest to do sth
She's not above lying when it suits her.
He's above suspicion (= he is completely trusted) .
5 ( of a sound ) louder or clearer than another sound
I couldn't hear her above the noise of the traffic.
According to [preposition]
1 as stated or reported by sb/sth
According to Mick, it's a great movie.
You've been absent six times according to our records.
2 following, agreeing with or depending on sth
The work was done according to her instructions.
Everything went according to plan .
The salary will be fixed according to qualifications and experience.
Across [preposition]
1from one side to the other side of sth
1from one side to the other side of sth
He walked across the field.
I drew a line across the page.
A grin spread across her face.
Where's the nearest bridge across the river?
2 on the other side of sth
There's a bank right across the street.
3 on or over a part of the body
He hit him across the face.
It's too tight across the back.
4 in every part of a place, group of people, etc. =throughout
Her family is scattered across the country.
This view is common across all sections of the community.
Across from [preposition]
On the opposite side of a room, a road, a table etc to =opposite
Across from the station there was an inviting little restaurant.
After [preposition]
On the opposite side of a room, a road, a table etc to =opposite
Across from the station there was an inviting little restaurant.
After [preposition]
1 later than sth; following sth in time
We'll leave after lunch.
They arrived shortly after 5.
Not long after that he resigned.
Let's meet the day after tomorrow/the week after next .
After winning the prize she became famous overnight.
After an hour I went home (= when an hour had passed) .
( NAmE ) It's ten after seven in the morning (= 7.10 a.m.)
2 … after… used to show that sth happens many times or continuously
day after day of hot weather
I've told you time after time not to do that.
3 behind sb when they have left; following sb
Shut the door after you.
I'm always having to clean up after the children (= clean the place after they have left it dirty and untidy) .
He ran after her with the book.
She was left staring after him.
4 next to and following sb/sth in order or importance
Your name comes after mine in the list.
He's the tallest, after Richard.
After you (= Please go first) .
After you with the paper (= Can I have it next?) .
5 in contrast to sth
It was pleasantly cool in the house after the sticky heat outside.
6 as a result of or because of sth that has happened
I'll never forgive him after what he said.
7 despite sth; although sth has happened
I can't believe she'd do that, not after all I've done for her.
8 trying to find or catch sb/sth
The police are after him.
He's after a job at our place.
9 about sb/sth
She asked after you (= how you were) .
10 in the style of sb/sth; following the example of sb/sth
a painting after Goya
We named the baby ‘Ena’ after her grandmother.
11 after- ( in adjectives ) happening or done later than the time or event mentioned
after-hours drinking (= after closing time)
an after-school club
after-dinner mints
after all
1 despite what has been said or expected
So you made it after all!
2 used when you are explaining sth, or giving a reason
He should have paid. He suggested it, after all.
Against [preposition]
1opposing or disagreeing with sb/sth
1opposing or disagreeing with sb/sth
the fight against terrorism
We're playing against the league champions next week.
We were rowing against the current.
That's against the law.
She was forced to marry against her will.
Are you for or against the death penalty?
She is against seeing (= does not want to see) him.
I'd advise you against doing that.
2 not to the advantage or favour of sb/sth
The evidence is against him.
Her age is against her.
3 close to, touching or hitting sb/sth
Put the piano there, against the wall.
The rain beat against the windows.
4 in order to prevent sth from happening or to reduce the damage caused by sth
an injection against rabies
They took precautions against fire.
Are we insured against theft?
5 with sth in the background, as a contrast
His red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.
( figurative ) The love story unfolds against a background of civil war.
6 used when you are comparing two things
You must weigh the benefits against the cost.
Check your receipts against the statement.
What's the rate of exchange against the dollar?
Ahead of [preposition]
1further forward in space or time than sb/sth; in front of sb/sth
Two boys were ahead of us.
Ahead of us lay ten days of intensive training.
2 earlier than sb/sth
I finished several days ahead of the deadline.
3 further advanced than sb/sth; in front of sb, for example in a race or competition
She was always well ahead of the rest of the class.
His ideas were way ahead of their time (= very new and so not widely understood or accepted)
Along [preposition]
1 from one end to or towards the other end of sth
They walked slowly along the road.
I looked along the shelves for the book I needed.
2 in a line that follows the side of sth long
Houses had been built along both sides of the river.
3 at a particular point on or beside sth long
You'll find his office just along the corridor.
Alongside [preposition]
1next to or at the side of sth
A police car pulled up alongside us.
a lifeboat moored alongside the yacht
Much of the land alongside the river is below sea level.
2 together with or at the same time as sth/sb
Traditional beliefs still flourish alongside a modern urban lifestyle.
alongside adverb
Nick caught up with me and rode alongside.
Amid (also mid, amidst) preposition (formal)
1 in the middle of or during sth, especially sth that causes excitement or fear
He finished his speech amid tremendous applause.
The firm collapsed amid allegations of fraud.
2 surrounded by sth
The hotel was in a beautiful position amid lemon groves.
Among ( also amongst ) preposition
1 surrounded by sb/sth; in the middle of sb/sth
1 surrounded by sb/sth; in the middle of sb/sth
a house among the trees
They strolled among the crowds.
I found the letter amongst his papers.
It's OK, you're among friends now.
2 being included or happening in groups of things or people
A British woman was among the survivors.
He was among the last to leave.
This attitude is common among the under-25s.
‘What was wrong with the job?’ ‘Well, the pay wasn't good, among other things .’
Discuss it among yourselves (= with each other) first.
3 used when you are dividing or choosing sth, and three or more people or things are involved
They divided the money up among their three children.
Apart from (also aside from especially in NAmE) [preposition]
1except for
I've finished apart from the last question.
2 in addition to; as well as
Apart from their house in London, they also have a villa in Spain.
It was a difficult time. Apart from everything else, we had financial problems.
You've got to help. Apart from anything else you're my brother.
Around [preposition] ( especially NAmE )( BrE usually round )
1 surrounding sb/sth; on each side of sth
The house is built around a central courtyard.
He put his arms around her.
2 on, to or from the other side of sb/sth
Our house is just around the corner.
The bus came around the bend.
There must be a way around the problem.
3 in a circle
They walked around the lake.
4 in or to many places in an area
They walked around the town looking for a place to eat.
5 to fit in with particular people, ideas, etc
I can't arrange everything around your timetable!
As [preposition]
1used to describe sb/sth appearing to be sb/sth else
They were all dressed as clowns.
The bomb was disguised as a package.
2 used to describe the fact that sb/sth has a particular job or function
She works as a courier.
Treat me as a friend.
I respect him as a doctor.
You can use that glass as a vase.
The news came as a shock.
She had been there often as a child (= when she was a child) .
At [preposition]
1used to say where sth/sb is or where sth happens
1used to say where sth/sb is or where sth happens
at the corner of the street
We changed at Crewe.
They arrived late at the airport.
At the roundabout take the third exit.
I'll be at home all morning.
She's at Tom's (= at Tom's house) .
I met her at the hospital.
How many people were there at the concert?
2 used to say where sb works or studies
He's been at the bank longer than anyone else.
She's at Yale (= Yale University) .
3 used to say when sth happens
We left at 2 o'clock.
at the end of the week
We woke at dawn.
I didn't know at the time of writing (= when I wrote) .
At night you can see the stars.
( BrE ) What are you doing at the weekend?
4 used to state the age at which sb does sth
She got married at 25.
He left school at the age of 16.
5 in the direction of or towards sb/sth
What are you looking at?
He pointed a gun at her.
Somebody threw paint at the prime minister.
6 used after a verb to show that sb tries to do sth, or partly does sth, but does not succeed or complete it
He clutched wildly at the rope as he fell.
She nibbled at a sandwich (= ate only small bits of it) .
7 used to state the distance away from sth
I held it at arm's length.
Can you read a car number plate at fifty metres?
8 used to show the situation sb/sth is in, what sb is doing or what is happening
The country is now at war.
I felt at a disadvantage.
I think Mr Harris is at lunch.
9 used to show a rate, speed, etc.
He was driving at 70 mph.
The noise came at two-minute intervals (= once every two minutes) .
Prices start at $1 000.
The book retails at £19.95.
10 ~ sb's/sth's best/worst, etc. used to say that sb/sth is as good, bad, etc. as they can be
This was Murray at his best.
The garden's at its most beautiful in June.
11 used with adjectives to show how well sb does sth
I'm good at French.
She's hopeless at managing people.
12 used with adjectives to show the cause of sth
They were impatient at the delay.
She was delighted at the result.
13 ( formal ) in response to sth
They attended the dinner at the chairman's invitation.
14 ( NAmE ) used when giving a telephone number
You can reach me at 637-2335, extension 354.
15 ( computing ) the symbol ( @ ) used in email addresses
Before [preposition]
1 earlier than sb/sth
before lunch
the day before yesterday
The year before last he won a gold medal, and the year before that he won a silver.
She's lived there since before the war.
He arrived before me.
She became a lawyer as her father had before her.
Leave your keys at reception before departure.
Something ought to have been done before now.
We'll know before long (= soon) .
Turn left just before (= before you reach) the bank.
2 ( rather formal ) used to say that sb/sth is in a position in front of sb/sth
They knelt before the throne.
Before you is a list of the points we have to discuss.
compare behind
3 used to say that sb/sth is ahead of sb/sth in an order or arrangement
Your name is before mine on the list.
He puts his work before everything (= regards it as more important than anything else) .
4 used to say that sth is facing sb in the future
The task before us is a daunting one.
The whole summer lay before me.
5 in the presence of sb who is listening, watching, etc
He was brought before the judge.
She said it before witnesses.
They had the advantage of playing before their home crowd.
6 ( formal ) used to say how sb reacts when they have to face sb/sth
They retreated before the enemy.
Behind [preposition]
1 at or towards the back of sb/sth, and often hidden by it or them
Who's the girl standing behind Jan?
Stay close behind me.
a small street behind the station
She glanced behind her.
Don't forget to lock the door behind you (= when you leave) .
The sun disappeared behind the clouds.
2 making less progress than sb/sth
He's behind the rest of the class in reading.
We're behind schedule (= late) .
3 giving support to or approval of sb/sth
She knew that, whatever she decided, her family was right behind her.
4 responsible for starting or developing sth
What's behind that happy smile (= what is causing it) ?
He was the man behind the plan to build a new hospital.
5 used to say that sth is in sb's past
The accident is behind you now, so try to forget it.
She has ten years' useful experience behind her.
Below [preposition]
1at or to a lower level or position than sb/sth
1at or to a lower level or position than sb/sth
He dived below the surface of the water.
Please do not write below this line.
Skirts will be worn below (= long enough to cover) the knee.
2 of a lower amount or standard than sb/sth
The temperatures remained below freezing all day.
Her work was well below average for the class.
3 of a lower rank or of less importance than sb/sth
A police sergeant is below an inspector.
Beneath [preposition] ( formal )
1 in or to a lower position than sb/sth; under sb/sth
They found the body buried beneath a pile of leaves.
The boat sank beneath the waves.
2 not good enough for sb
He considers such jobs beneath him.
They thought she had married beneath her (= married a man of lower social status) .
Beside [preposition]
1next to or at the side of sb/sth
1next to or at the side of sb/sth
He sat beside her all night.
a mill beside a stream
2 compared with sb/sth
My painting looks childish beside yours.
be beside the point
to not be important or closely related to the main thing you are talking about
Yes, I know it was an accident, but that's beside the point.
They took my words out of context, but that's beside the point.
beside yourself (with sth)
unable to control yourself because of the strength of emotion you are feeling
He was beside himself with rage when I told him what I had done.
They were beside themselves with excitement.
Besides [preposition]
in addition to sb/sth; apart from sb/sth
We have lots of things in common besides music.
Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels in his spare time.
I've got no family besides my parents.
I've got plenty of other things to do besides talking to you.
Between [preposition]
1in or into the space separating two or more points, objects, people, etc
1in or into the space separating two or more points, objects, people, etc
Q comes between P and R in the English alphabet.
I sat down between Jo and Diana.
Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Austria and Italy.
The paper had fallen down between the desk and the wall.
( figurative ) My job is somewhere between a secretary and a personal assistant.
2 in the period of time that separates two days, years, events, etc
It's cheaper between 6 p.m. and 8 a.m.
Don't eat between meals.
Children must attend school between the ages of 5 and 16.
Many changes took place between the two world wars.
3 at some point along a scale from one amount, weight, distance, etc. to another
It weighed between nine and ten kilos.
The temperature remained between 25 ° C and 30 ° C all week.
4 ( of a line ) separating one place from another
the border between Sweden and Norway
5 from one place to another
We fly between Rome and Paris twice daily.
6 used to show a connection or relationship
a difference/distinction/contrast between two things
a link between unemployment and crime
There's a lot of bad feeling between them.
I had to choose between the two jobs.
7 shared by two or more people or things
We ate a pizza between us.
This is just between you and me / between ourselves (= it is a secret) .
8 by putting together the efforts or actions of two or more people or groups
We ought to be able to manage it between us.
China and India between them account for a third of the world's population.
9 ~ doing sth used to show that several activities are involved
Between working full-time and taking care of the kids, he didn't have much time for hobbies.
Beyond [preposition]
1 on or to the further side of sth
The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.
2 later than a particular time
It won't go on beyond midnight.
I know what I'll be doing for the next three weeks but I haven't thought beyond that.
3 more than sth
Our success was far beyond what we thought possible.
She's got nothing beyond her state pension.
4 used to say that sth is not possible
The bicycle was beyond repair (= is too badly damaged to repair) .
The situation is beyond our control.
5 too far or too advanced for sb/sth
The handle was just beyond my reach.
The exercise was beyond the abilities of most of the class.
be beyond sb ( informal ) to be impossible for sb to imagine, understand or do
It's beyond me why she wants to marry Jeff.
By [preposition]
1 near sb/sth; at the side of sb/sth; beside sb/sth
a house by the river
The telephone is by the window.
Come and sit by me.
2 used, usually after a passive verb, to show who or what does, creates or causes sth
He was knocked down by a bus.
a play by Ibsen
Who's that book by?
I was frightened by the noise.
3 used for showing how or in what way sth is done
The house is heated by gas.
May I pay by cheque?
I will contact you by letter.
to travel by boat/bus/car/plane
to travel by air/land/sea
Switch it on by pressing this button.
4 used before particular nouns without the , to say that sth happens as a result of sth
They met by chance.
I did it by mistake.
The coroner's verdict was ‘death by misadventure’.
5 not later than the time mentioned; before
Can you finish the work by five o'clock?
I'll have it done by tomorrow.
By this time next week we'll be in New York.
He ought to have arrived by now/by this time .
By the time (that) this letter reaches you I will have left the country.
6 past sb/sth
He walked by me without speaking.
7 during sth; in a particular situation
to travel by day/night
We had to work by candlelight.
8 used to show the degree or amount of sth
The bullet missed him by two inches.
House prices went up by 10%.
It would be better by far (= much better) to…
9 from what sth shows or says; according to sth
By my watch it is two o'clock.
I could tell by the look on her face that something terrible had happened.
By law, you are a child until you are 18.
10 used to show the part of sb/sth that sb touches, holds, etc.
I took him by the hand.
She seized her by the hair.
Pick it up by the handle!
11 used with the to show the period or quantity used for buying, selling or measuring sth
We rented the car by the day.
They're paid by the hour.
We only sell it by the metre.
12 used to state the rate at which sth happens
They're improving day by day.
We'll do it bit by bit.
It was getting worse by the minute (= very fast) .
The children came in two by two (= in groups of two) .
13 used to show the measurements of sth
The room measures fifteen feet by twenty feet.
14 used when multiplying or dividing
6 multiplied by 2 equals 12.
6 divided by 2 equals 3.
15 used for giving more information about where sb comes from, what sb does, etc.
He's German by birth.
They're both doctors by profession.
16 used when swearing to mean ‘in the name of’
I swear by Almighty God…
Down [preposition]
1 from a high or higher point on sth to a lower one
The stone rolled down the hill.
Tears ran down her face.
Her hair hung down her back to her waist.
2 along; towards the direction in which you are facing
He lives just down the street.
Go down the road till you reach the traffic lights.
There's a bridge a mile down the river from here.
3 all through a period of time
an exhibition of costumes down the ages (= from all periods of history)
During [preposition]
1all through a period of time
1all through a period of time
during the 1990s
There are extra flights to Colorado during the winter.
Please remain seated during the performance.
2 at some point in a period of time
He was taken to the hospital during the night.
I only saw her once during my stay in Rome.
During is used to say when something happens; for answers the question ‘how long?’ I stayed in London for a week. I stayed in London during a week.
Except [preposition] ( also except for )
used before you mention the only thing or person about which a statement is not true =apart from
We work every day except Sunday.
They all came except Matt.
I had nothing on except for my socks.
For [preposition]
1 used to show who is intended to have or use sth or where sth is intended to be put
There's a letter for you.
It's a book for children.
We got a new table for the dining room.
This is the place for me (= I like it very much) .
2 in order to help sb/sth
What can I do for you (= how can I help you) ?
Can you translate this letter for me?
I took her classes for her while she was sick.
soldiers fighting for their country
3 concerning sb/sth
They are anxious for her safety.
Fortunately for us, the weather changed.
4 as a representative of
I am speaking for everyone in this department.
5 employed by
She's working for IBM.
6 meaning
Shaking your head for ‘No’ is not universal.
7 in support of sb/sth
Are you for or against the proposal?
They voted for independence in a referendum.
There's a strong case for postponing the exam.
I'm all for people having fun.
‘What does Naomi think about the move?’ ‘She's all for it.’
8 used to show purpose or function
a machine for slicing bread
Let's go for a walk.
Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work?
What did you do that for (= Why did you do that) ?
9 used to show a reason or cause
The town is famous for its cathedral.
She gave me a watch for my birthday.
He got an award for bravery.
I couldn't speak for laughing.
He didn't answer for fear of hurting her.
10 in order to obtain sth
He came to me for advice.
For more information, call this number.
There were over fifty applicants for the job.
11 in exchange for sth
Copies are available for two dollars each.
I'll swap these two bottles for that one.
12 considering what can be expected from sb/sth
The weather was warm for the time of year.
She's tall for her age.
He's not bad for a beginner.
That's too much responsibility for a child.
13 better, happier, etc. ~ sth better, happier, etc. following sth
You'll feel better for a good night's sleep.
This room would look more cheerful for a spot of paint.
14 used to show where sb/sth is going
Is this the bus for Chicago?
She knew she was destined for a great future.
15 used to show a length of time
I'm going away for a few days.
That's all the news there is for now .
16 used to show that sth is arranged or intended to happen at a particular time
an appointment for May 12
We're invited for 7.30.
17 used to show the occasion when sth happens
I'm warning you for the last time—stop talking!
18 used to show a distance
The road went on for miles and miles.
19 used to say how difficult, necessary, pleasant, etc. sth is that sb might do or has done
It's useless for us to continue.
There's no need for you to go.
For her to have survived such an ordeal was remarkable.
The box is too heavy for me to lift.
Is it clear enough for you to read?
20 used to show who can or should do sth
It's not for me to say why he left.
How to spend the money is for you to decide.
From [preposition]
1used to show where sb/sth starts
1used to show where sb/sth starts
She began to walk away from him.
Has the train from Bristol arrived?
2 used to show when sth starts
We're open from 8 to 7 every day.
He was blind from birth.
3 used to show who sent or gave sth/sb
a letter from my brother
information from witnesses
the man from (= representing) the insurance company
4 used to show what the origin of sb/sth is
I'm from Italy.
documents from the sixteenth century
quotations from Shakespeare
heat from the sun
5 used to show the material that sth is made of
Steel is made from iron.
6 used to show how far apart two places are
100 metres from the scene of the accident
7 used to show sb's position or point of view
You can see the island from here.
From a financial point of view the project was a disaster.
8 ~ sth (to sth) used to show the range of sth
The temperature varies from 30 degrees to minus 20.
The store sells everything from shoelaces to computers.
Conditions vary from school to school.
9 ~ sth (to sth) used to show the state or form of sth/sb before a change
Things have gone from bad to worse .
translating from English to Spanish
You need a break from routine.
10 used to show that sb/sth is separated or removed
The party was ousted from power after eighteen years.
11 used to show that sth is prevented
She saved him from drowning.
12 used to show the reason for sth
She felt sick from tiredness.
13 used to show the reason for making a judgement
You can tell a lot about a person from their handwriting.
From what I heard the company's in deep trouble.
14 used when distinguishing between two people or things
Is Portuguese very different from Spanish?
I can't tell one twin from the other.
from… on
starting at the time mentioned and continuously after that
From now on you can work on your own.
She never spoke to him again from that day on.
In [preposition]
1 at a point within an area or a space
a country in Africa
The kids were playing in the street.
It's in that drawer.
I read about it in the paper.
2 within the shape of sth; surrounded by sth
She was lying in bed.
sitting in an armchair
Leave the key in the lock.
Soak it in cold water.
3 into sth
He dipped his brush in the paint.
She got in her car and drove off.
4 forming the whole or part of sth/sb; contained within sth/sb
There are 31 days in May.
all the paintings in the collection
I recognize his father in him (= his character is similar to his father's) .
5 during a period of time
in 2009
in the 18th century
in spring/summer/autumn/winter
in the fall
in March
in the morning/afternoon/evening
I'm getting forgetful in my old age.
6 after a particular length of time
to return in a few minutes/hours/days/months.
It will be ready in a week's time (= one week from now) .
She learnt to drive in three weeks (= after three weeks she could drive) .
7 ( used in negative sentences or after first , last , etc. ) for a particular period of time
I haven't seen him in years.
It's the first letter I've had in ten days.
8 wearing sth
dressed in their best clothes
the man in the hat
to be in uniform
She was all in black.
9 used to describe physical surroundings
We went out in the rain.
He was sitting alone in the darkness.
10 used to show a state or condition
I'm in love!
The house is in good repair.
I must put my affairs in order.
a man in his thirties
The daffodils were in full bloom.
11 involved in sth; taking part in sth
to act in a play
12 used to show sb's job or profession
He is in the army.
She's in computers.
in business
13 used to show the form, shape, arrangement or quantity of sth
a novel in three parts
Roll it up in a ball.
They sat in rows.
People flocked in their thousands to see her.
14 used to show the language, material, etc. used
Say it in English.
She wrote in pencil.
Put it in writing.
I paid in cash.
He spoke in a loud voice.
15 concerning sth
She was not lacking in courage.
a country rich in minerals
three metres in length
16 while doing sth; while sth is happening
In attempting to save the child from drowning, she nearly lost her own life.
In all the commotion I forgot to tell him the news.
17 used to introduce the name of a person who has a particular quality
We're losing a first-rate editor in Jen.
18 used to show a rate or relative amount
a gradient of one in five
a tax rate of 22 pence in the pound
in that ( formal ) for the reason that; because
She was fortunate in that she had friends to help her.
Inside [preposition] ( also inside of especially in NAmE )
1 on or to the inner part of sth/sb; within sth/sb
Go inside the house.
Inside the box was a gold watch.
For years we had little knowledge of what life was like inside China.
You'll feel better with a good meal inside you.
( figurative ) Inside most of us is a small child screaming for attention. ≠outside
2 in less than the amount of time mentioned
The job is unlikely to be finished inside (of) a year
Near [preposition] ( also near to , nearer (to) , nearest (to) )
Near to is not usually used before the name of a place, person, festival, etc.
1 at a short distance away from sb/sth
Do you live near here?
Go and sit nearer (to) the fire.
2 a short period of time from sth
My birthday is very near Christmas.
I'll think about it nearer (to) the time (= when it is just going to happen) .
3 used before a number to mean ‘approximately’, ‘just below or above’
Share prices are near their record high of last year.
Profits fell from $11 million to nearer $8 million.
4 similar to sb/sth in quality, size, etc
Nobody else comes near her in intellect.
He's nearer 70 than 60.
This colour is nearest (to) the original.
5 ~ (doing) sth close to a particular state
a state near (to) death
She was near to tears (= almost crying) .
We came near to being killed.
Next to [preposition]
1in or into a position right beside sb/sth
1in or into a position right beside sb/sth
We sat next to each other.
2 following in order or importance after sb/sth
Next to skiing my favourite sport is skating.
3 almost
Charles knew next to nothing about farming.
The horse came next to last (= the one before the last one) in the race.
4 in comparison with sb/sth
Next to her I felt like a fraud.
Of [preposition]
1belonging to sb; relating to sb
1belonging to sb; relating to sb
a friend of mine
the love of a mother for her child
the role of the teacher
Can't you throw out that old bike of Tommy's?
the paintings of Monet
When you are talking about everything someone has painted, written, etc, use of . When you are referring to one or more examples of somebody's work, use by a painting by Monet
2 belonging to sth; being part of sth; relating to sth
the lid of the box
the director of the company
a member of the team
the result of the debate
3 coming from a particular background or living in a place
a woman of Italian descent
the people of Wales
4 concerning or showing sb/sth
a story of passion
a photo of my dog
a map of India
5 used to say what sb/sth is, consists of, or contains
the city of Dublin
the issue of housing
a crowd of people
a glass of milk
6 used with measurements and expressions of time, age, etc.
2 kilos of potatoes
an increase of 2%
a girl of 12
the fourth of July
the year of his birth
( old-fashioned ) We would often have a walk of an evening.
7 used to show sb/sth belongs to a group, often after some , a few , etc.
some of his friends
a few of the problems
the most famous of all the stars
8 used to show the position of sth/sb in space or time
just north of Detroit
at the time of the revolution
( NAmE ) at a quarter of eleven tonight (= 10.45 p.m.)
9 used after nouns formed from verbs. The noun after ‘of’ can be either the object or the subject of the action.
the arrival of the police (= they arrive)
criticism of the police (= they are criticized)
fear of the dark
the howling of the wind
10 used after some verbs before mentioning sb/sth involved in the action
to deprive sb of sth
He was cleared of all blame.
Think of a number, any number.
11 used after some adjectives before mentioning sb/sth that a feeling relates to
to be proud of sth
12 used to give your opinion of sb's behaviour
It was kind of you to offer.
13 used when one noun describes a second one
Where's that idiot of a boy? (= the boy that you think is stupid)
Off [preposition]
1 down or away from a place or at a distance in space or time
I fell off the ladder.
Keep off the grass!
an island off the coast of Spain
They were still 100 metres off the summit.
Scientists are still a long way off finding a cure.
We're getting right off the subject.
2 leading away from sth, for example a road or room
We live off Main Street.
There's a bathroom off the main bedroom.
3 used to say that sth has been removed
You need to take the top off the bottle first!
I want about an inch off the back of my hair.
4 away from work or duty
He's had ten days off school.
5 away from a price
They knocked £500 off the car.
6 off of ( non-standard or NAmE , informal ) off; from
I got it off of my brother.
7 not wanting or liking sth that you usually eat or use
I'm off (= not drinking) alcohol for a week.
He's finally off drugs (= he no longer takes them) .
On [preposition]
1 in or into a position covering, touching or forming part of a surface
a picture on a wall
There's a mark on your skirt.
the diagram on page 5
Put it down on the table.
He had been hit on the head.
She climbed on to the bed.
This could also be written onto the bed
2 supported by sb/sth
She was standing on one foot.
Try lying on your back.
Hang your coat on that hook.
3 used to show a means of transport
He was on the plane from New York.
to travel on the bus/tube/coach
I came on my bike.
a woman on horseback
4 used to show a day or date
He came on Sunday.
We meet on Tuesdays.
on May the first/the first of May
on the evening of May the first
on one occasion
on your birthday
5 immediately after sth
On arriving home I discovered they had gone.
Please report to reception on arrival.
There was a letter waiting for him on his return.
6 about sth/sb
a book on South Africa
She tested us on irregular verbs.
7 being carried by sb; in the possession of sb
Have you got any money on you?
8 used to show that sb belongs to a group or an organization
to be on the committee/staff/jury/panel
Whose side are you on (= which of two or more different views do you support) ?
9 eating or drinking sth; using a drug or a medicine regularly
He lived on a diet of junk food.
The doctor put me on antibiotics.
10 used to show direction
on the left/right
He turned his back on us.
11 at or near a place
a town on the coast
a house on the Thames
We lived on an estate.
12 used to show the basis or reason for sth
a story based on fact
On their advice I applied for the job.
13 paid for by sth
to live on a pension/a student grant
to be on a low wage
You can't feed a family on £50 a week.
Drinks are on me (= I am paying) .
14 by means of sth; using sth
She played a tune on her guitar.
The information is available on the Internet.
We spoke on the phone.
What's on TV?
The programme's on Channel 4.
15 used with some nouns or adjectives to say who or what is affected by sth
a ban on smoking
He's hard on his kids.
Go easy on the mayo! (= do not take / give me too much)
16 compared with sb/sth
Sales are up on last year.
17 used to describe an activity or a state
to be on business/holiday/vacation
The book is currently on loan.
18 used when giving a telephone number
You can get me on 020 7946 0887.
She's on extension 2401.
Onto ( also on to ) [preposition]
1 used with verbs to express movement on or to a particular place or position
1 used with verbs to express movement on or to a particular place or position
Move the books onto the second shelf.
She stepped down from the train onto the platform.
2 used to show that sth faces in a particular direction
The window looked out onto the terrace.
be onto sb
1 ( informal ) to know about what sb has done wrong
She knew the police would be onto them.
2 to be talking to sb, usually in order to ask or tell them sth
They've been onto me for ages to get a job.
be onto sth to know about sth or be in a situation that could lead to a good result for you
Scientists believe they are onto something big.
She's onto a good thing with that new job.
out [preposition]
1 ~ (of sth) away from the inside of a place or thing
She ran out into the corridor.
She shook the bag and some coins fell out.
I got out of bed.
He opened the box and out jumped a frog.
Out you go! (= used to order sb to leave a room)
( informal ) He ran out the door.
2 ~ (of sth) ( of people ) away from or not at home or their place of work
I called Liz but she was out.
Let's go out this evening (= for example to a restaurant or club) .
We haven't had a night out for weeks.
Mr Green is out of town this week.
3 ~ (of sth) away from the edge of a place
The boy dashed out into the road.
Don't lean out of the window.
4 ~ (of sth) a long or a particular distance away from a place or from land
She's working out in Australia.
He lives right out in the country.
The boats are all out at sea.
The ship sank ten miles out of Stockholm.
5 ~ (of sth) used to show that sth/sb is removed from a place, job, etc.
This detergent is good for getting stains out.
We want this government out.
He got thrown out of the restaurant.
6 ~ of sth/sb used to show that sth comes from or is obtained from sth/sb
He drank his beer out of the bottle.
a statue made out of bronze
a romance straight out of a fairy tale
I paid for the damage out of my savings.
We'll get the truth out of her.
7 ~ of sth used to show that sb/sth does not have any of sth
We're out of milk.
He's been out of work for six months.
You're out of luck —she left ten minutes ago.
8 ~ of sth used to show that sb/sth is not or no longer in a particular state or condition
Try and stay out of trouble.
I watched the car until it was out of sight .
9 ~ (of sth) used to show that sb is no longer involved in sth
It was an awful job and I'm glad to be out of it.
He gets out of the army in a few weeks.
They'll be out (= of prison) on bail in no time.
Brown goes on to the semi-finals but Lee is out.
10 ~ of sth used to show the reason why sth is done
I asked out of curiosity.
She did it out of spite.
11 ~ of sth from a particular number or set
You scored six out of ten.
Two out of three people think the President should resign.
12 ( of a book, etc. ) not in the library; borrowed by sb else
The book you wanted is out on loan.
13 ( of the tide ) at or towards its lowest point on land
I like walking on the wet sand when the tide is out.
14 if the sun, moon or stars are or come out , they can be seen from the earth and are not hidden by clouds
15 ( of flowers ) fully open
There should be some snowdrops out by now.
16 available to everyone; known to everyone
When does her new book come out?
Word always gets out (= people find out about things) no matter how careful you are.
Out with it ! (= say what you know)
17 clearly and loudly so that people can hear
to call/cry/shout out
Read it out loud .
Nobody spoke out in his defense.
18 ( informal ) having told other people that you are homosexual
I had been out since I was 17.
19 ( in cricket , baseball , etc. ) if a team or team member is out , it is no longer their turn with the bat
The West Indies were all out for 364 (= after scoring 364 runs in cricket ) .
20 ( in tennis , etc. ) if the ball is out , it landed outside the line
The umpire said the ball was out.
21 ~ (in sth) not correct or exact; wrong
I was slightly out in my calculations.
Your guess was a long way out (= completely wrong) .
The estimate was out by more than $100.
22 not possible or not allowed
Swimming is out until the weather gets warmer.
23 not fashionable
Black is out this year.
24 ( of fire, lights or burning materials ) not or no longer burning or lit
Suddenly all the lights went out.
The fire had burnt itself out.
25 at an end
It was summer and school was out.
She was to regret her words before the day was out .
26 unconscious
He was out for more than an hour and came round in the hospital.
She was knocked out cold .
27 ( BrE , informal ) on strike
The dockers stayed out for several months.
28 to the end; completely
Hear me out before you say anything.
We left them to fight it out (= settle a disagreement by fighting or arguing) .
Outside [preposition] ( also outside of especially in NAmE )
1 on or to a place on the outside of sth
You can park your car outside our house. ≠inside
2 away from or not in a particular place
It's the biggest theme park outside the United States.
We live in a small village just outside Leeds.
3 not part of sth
The matter is outside my area of responsibility.
You may do as you wish outside working hours.
within
4 outside of apart from
There was nothing they could do, outside of hoping things would get better.
over [preposition]
1 resting on the surface of sb/sth and partly or completely covering them/it
She put a blanket over the sleeping child.
He wore an overcoat over his suit.
She put her hand over her mouth to stop herself from screaming.
2 in or to a position higher than but not touching sb/sth; above sb/sth
They held a large umbrella over her.
The balcony juts out over the street.
There was a lamp hanging over the table.
3 from one side of sth to the other; across sth
a bridge over the river
They ran over the grass.
They had a wonderful view over the park.
4 on the far or opposite side of sth
He lives over the road.
5 so as to cross sth and be on the other side
She climbed over the wall.
6 falling from or down from a place
The car had toppled over the cliff.
He didn't dare look over the edge.
7 all ~ in or on all or most parts of sth
Snow is falling all over the country.
They've travelled all over the world.
There were papers lying around all over the place .
8 more than a particular time, amount, cost, etc
over 3 million copies sold
She stayed in Lagos for over a month.
He's over sixty.
9 used to show that sb has control or authority
She has only the director over her.
He ruled over a great empire.
She has editorial control over what is included.
10 during sth
We'll discuss it over lunch.
Over the next few days they got to know the town well.
She has not changed much over the years.
He built up the business over a period of ten years.
We're away over (= until after) the New Year.
11 past a particular difficult stage or situation
We're over the worst of the recession.
It took her ages to get over her illness.
12 because of or concerning sth; about sth
an argument over money
a disagreement over the best way to proceed
13 using sth; by means of sth
We heard it over the radio.
She wouldn't tell me over the phone.
14 louder than sth
I couldn't hear what he said over the noise of the traffic.
over and above
in addition to sth
There are other factors over and above those we have discussed.
past [preposition]
1 ( NAmE also after ) later than sth
1 ( NAmE also after ) later than sth
half past two
ten (minutes) past six
There's a bus at twenty minutes past the hour (= at 1.20, 2.20, etc.) .
We arrived at two o'clock and left at ten past (= ten minutes past two) .
It was past midnight when we got home.
2 on or to the other side of sb/sth
We live in the house just past the church.
He hurried past them without stopping.
He just walked straight past us!
3 above or further than a particular point or stage
Unemployment is now past the 3 million mark.
The flowers are past their best.
He's past his prime.
She's long past retirement age.
Honestly, I'm past caring what happens (= I can no longer be bothered to care) .
past it ( BrE , informal ) too old to do what you used to be able to do; too old to be used for its normal function
In some sports you're past it by the age of 25.
That coat is looking decidedly past it.
Round [preposition] ( especially BrE ) ( NAmE usually around )
1 in a circle
the first woman to sail round the world
The earth moves round the sun.
2 on, to or from the other side of sth
Our house is round the next bend.
There she is, coming round the corner.
There must be a way round the problem.
3 on all sides of sb/sth; surrounding sb/sth
She put her arms round him.
He had a scarf round his neck.
They were all sitting round the table.
4 in or to many parts of sth
She looked all round the room.
5 to fit in with particular people, ideas, etc
He has to organize his life round the kids.
Since [preposition]
1 ( used with the present perfect or past perfect tense ) from a time in the past until a later past time, or until now
She's been off work since Tuesday.
We've lived here since 2006.
I haven't eaten since breakfast.
He's been working in a bank since leaving school.
Since the party she had only spoken to him once.
‘They've split up.’ ‘ Since when? ’
That was years ago. I've changed jobs since then .
Use for , not since , with a period of time I've been learning English for five years. I've been learning English since five years.
2 ~ when? used when you are showing that you are angry about sth
Since when did he ever listen to me?
Through [preposition]
1 from one end or side of sth/sb to the other
The burglar got in through the window.
The bullet went straight through him.
Her knees had gone through (= made holes in) her jeans.
The sand ran through (= between) my fingers.
The path led through the trees to the river.
The doctor pushed his way through the crowd.
The Charles River flows through Boston.
2 see, hear, etc. ~ sth to see, hear, etc. sth from the other side of an object or a substance
I couldn't hear their conversation through the wall.
He could just make out three people through the mist.
3 from the beginning to the end of an activity, a situation or a period of time
The children are too young to sit through a concert.
He will not live through the night.
I'm halfway through (= reading) her second novel.
4 past a barrier, stage or test
Go through this gate, and you'll see the house on your left.
He drove through a red light (= passed it when he should have stopped) .
First I have to get through the exams.
The bill had a difficult passage through Parliament.
I'd never have got through it all (= a difficult situation) without you.
5 ( also informal thru ) ( both NAmE ) until, and including
We'll be in New York Tuesday through Friday.
6 by means of; because of
You can only achieve success through hard work.
It was through him (= as a result of his help) that I got the job.
The accident happened through no fault of mine.
Till [preposition] = until
We're open till 6 o'clock.
Can't you wait till we get home?
Just wait till you see it. It's great.
Till is generally felt to be more informal than until and is used much less often in writing. At the beginning of a sentence, until is usually used.
To [preposition]
1in the direction of sth; towards sth
1in the direction of sth; towards sth
I walked to the office.
It fell to the ground.
It was on the way to the station.
He's going to Paris.
my first visit to Africa
He pointed to something on the opposite bank.
Her childhood was spent travelling from place to place.
2 ~ the sth (of sth) located in the direction mentioned from sth
Place the cursor to the left of the first word.
There are mountains to the north.
3 as far as sth
The meadows lead down to the river.
Her hair fell to her waist.
4 reaching a particular state
The vegetables were cooked to perfection.
He tore the letter to pieces.
She sang the baby to sleep.
The letter reduced her to tears (= made her cry) .
His expression changed from amazement to joy.
5 used to show the end or limit of a range or period of time
a drop in profits from $105 million to around $75 million
I'd say he was 25 to 30 years old (= approximately 25 or 30 years old) .
I like all kinds of music from opera to reggae.
We only work from Monday to Friday.
I watched the programme from beginning to end.
6 before the start of sth
How long is it to lunch?
( especially BrE ) It's five to ten (= five minutes before ten o'clock) .
7 used to show the person or thing that receives sth
He gave it to his sister.
I'll explain to you where everything goes.
I am deeply grateful to my parents.
Who did she address the letter to?
( formal ) To whom did she address the letter?
8 used to show the person or thing that is affected by an action
She is devoted to her family.
What have you done to your hair?
9 used to show that two things are attached or connected
Attach this rope to the front of the car.
10 used to show a relationship between one person or thing and another
She's married to an Italian.
the Japanese ambassador to France
the key to the door
the solution to this problem
11 directed towards; concerning
It was a threat to world peace.
She made a reference to her recent book.
12 used to introduce the second part of a comparison or ratio
I prefer walking to climbing.
The industry today is nothing to what it once was.
We won by six goals to three.
13 used to show a quantity or rate
There are 2.54 centimeters to an inch.
This car does 30 miles to the gallon.
14 in honor of sb/sth
a monument to the soldiers who died in the war
Let's drink to Julia and her new job.
15 while sth else is happening or being done
He left the stage to prolonged applause.
16 used after verbs of movement to mean ‘with the intention of giving sth’
People rushed to her rescue and picked her up.
17 used to show sb's attitude or reaction to sth
His music isn't really to my taste.
To her astonishment, he smiled.
18 used to show what sb's opinion or feeling about sth is
It sounded like crying to me.
Towards ( also toward NAmE ) [preposition]
1 in the direction of sb/sth
1 in the direction of sb/sth
They were heading towards the German border.
She had her back towards me.
2 getting closer to achieving sth
This is a first step towards political union.
3 close or closer to a point in time
towards the end of April
4 in relation to sb/sth
He was warm and tender towards her.
our attitude towards death
5 with the aim of obtaining sth, or helping sb to obtain sth
The money will go towards a new school building (= will help pay for it) .
Under [preposition]
1 in, to or through a position that is below sth
Have you looked under the bed?
She placed the ladder under (= just lower than) the window.
The dog squeezed under the gate and ran into the road.
2 below the surface of sth; covered by sth
The boat lay under several feet of water.
3 less than; younger than
an annual income of under £10 000
It took us under an hour.
Nobody under 18 is allowed to buy alcohol.
4 used to say who or what controls, governs or manages sb/sth
The country is now under martial law.
The coinage was reformed under Elizabeth I (= when she was queen) .
She has a staff of 19 working under her.
Under its new conductor, the orchestra has established an international reputation.
5 according to an agreement, a law or a system
Six suspects are being held under the Prevention of Terrorism Act.
Under the terms of the lease you had no right to sublet the property.
Is the television still under guarantee?
6 experiencing a particular process
The hotel is still under construction.
The matter is under investigation.
7 affected by sth
The wall collapsed under the strain.
I've been feeling under stress lately.
I'm under no illusions about what hard work this will be.
You'll be under anaesthetic, so you won't feel a thing.
8 using a particular name
She also writes under the pseudonym of Barbara Vine.
9 found in a particular part of a book, list, etc
If it's not under ‘sports’, try looking under ‘games’.
Underneath [preposition]
1 under or below sth else, especially when it is hidden or covered by the thing on top
The coin rolled underneath the piano.
This jacket's too big, even with a sweater underneath.
2 used to talk about sb's real feelings or character, as opposed to the way they seem to be
Underneath her cool exterior she was really very frightened.
He seems bad-tempered, but he's very soft-hearted underneath.
Until [preposition] ( also informal till , til , 'til )
up to the point in time or the event mentioned
Let's wait until the rain stops.
Until she spoke I hadn't realized she wasn't English.
You're not going out until you've finished this.
Until now I have always lived alone.
They moved here in 2009. Until then they'd always been in the London area.
He continued working up until his death.
The street is full of traffic from morning till night .
You can stay on the bus until London (= until you reach London) .
Unto [preposition] ( old use )
1 to or towards sb/sth
The angel appeared unto him in a dream.
2 until a particular time or event
The knights swore loyalty unto death.
Up [preposition]
1 to or in a higher position somewhere
She climbed up the flight of steps.
The village is further up the valley.
2 along or further along a road or street
We live just up the road, past the post office.
3 towards the place where a river starts
a cruise up the Rhine
up and down sth
in one direction and then in the opposite direction along sth
I looked up and down the corridor.
Upon [preposition]
1( formal , especially BrE ) = on
1( formal , especially BrE ) = on
The decision was based upon two considerations.
Although the word upon has the same meaning as on , it is usually used in more formal contexts or in phrases such as once upon a time and row upon row of seats .
2 …upon… used to emphasize that there is a large number or amount of sth
mile upon mile of dusty road
thousands upon thousands of letters
(almost) upon you
if sth in the future is almost upon you , it is going to arrive or happen very soon
The summer season was almost upon them again.
With [preposition]
1in the company or presence of sb/sth
1in the company or presence of sb/sth
She lives with her parents.
I have a client with me right now.
a nice steak with a bottle of red wine
2 having or carrying sth
a girl with (= who has) red hair
a jacket with a hood
He looked at her with a hurt expression.
They're both in bed with flu.
a man with a suitcase
3 using sth
Cut it with a knife.
It is treated with acid before being analysed.
4 used to say what fills, covers, etc. sth
The bag was stuffed with dirty clothes.
Sprinkle the dish with salt.
5 in opposition to sb/sth; against sb/sth
to fight with sb
to play tennis with sb
at war with a neighbouring country
I had an argument with my boss.
6 concerning; in the case of
Be careful with the glasses.
Are you pleased with the result?
Don't be angry with her.
With these students it's pronunciation that's the problem.
7 used when considering one fact in relation to another
She won't be able to help us with all the family commitments she has.
It's much easier compared with last time.
8 including
The meal with wine came to $20 each.
With all the lesson preparation I have to do I work 12 hours a day.
9 used to show the way in which sb does sth
He behaved with great dignity.
She sleeps with the window open.
Don't stand with your hands in your pockets.
10 because of; as a result of
She blushed with embarrassment.
His fingers were numb with cold.
11 because of sth and as it happens
The shadows lengthened with the approach of sunset.
Skill comes with practice.
12 in the same direction as sth
Marine mammals generally swim with the current.
13 used to show who has possession of or responsibility for sth
The keys are with reception.
Leave it with me.
14 employed by; using the services of
She acted with a touring company for three years.
I bank with HSBC.
15 showing separation from sth/sb
I could never part with this ring.
Can we dispense with the formalities?
16 despite sth
With all her faults I still love her.
17 used in exclamations
Off to bed with you!
Down with school!
Within [preposition]
1 before a particular period of time has passed; during a particular period of time
You should receive a reply within seven days.
The ambulance arrived within minutes of the call being made.
Two elections were held within the space of a year.
2 not further than a particular distance from sth
a house within a mile of the station
Is it within walking distance ?
3 inside the range or limits of sth
That question is not within the scope of this talk.
We are now within range of enemy fire.
He finds it hard to live within his income (= without spending more than he earns) .
4 ( formal ) inside sth/sb
The noise seems to be coming from within the building.
There is discontent within the farming industry.
Despite her grief, she found a hidden strength within herself.
Without [preposition]
1 not having, experiencing or showing sth
1 not having, experiencing or showing sth
They had gone two days without food.
He found the place without difficulty.
She spoke without much enthusiasm.
2 not in the company of sb
Don't go without me.
3 not using or taking sth
Can you see without your glasses?
Don't go out without your coat.
4 not doing the action mentioned
~ doing sth He left without saying goodbye.
You can't make an omelette without breaking eggs.
Without wanting to criticize, I think you could have done better. (= used before you make a critical comment)
~ sb doing sth The party was organized without her knowing anything about it.
No comments:
Post a Comment